Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose Jayanti
Subhas Chandra Bose (23 January 1897 – 18
August 1945) was an Indian nationalist whose defiant
patriotism made him a hero in India, but whose attempt during World War II to
rid India of British rule with the help of Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan left
a troubled legacy. The honorific Netaji (Hindustani: "Respected Leader"),
first applied in early 1942 to Bose in Germany by the Indian soldiers of the Indische Legion and
by the German and Indian officials in the Special Bureau for India in Berlin,
was later used throughout India.
Bose followed Jawaharlal Nehru to
leadership in a younger wing of the Indian National Congress, one that was
less moderately constitutional in the late 1920s and more open to socialism in
the 1930s. He rose to become Congress President in 1938. However, soon
after being reelected in 1939, he was ousted from Congress leadership positions
following differences with Mahatma Gandhi and
the Congress high command. He was subsequently placed under house arrest by the
British before escaping from India in 1940.
Bose arrived in Germany in April 1941, where the leadership
offered unexpected, if sometimes ambivalent, sympathy for the cause of India's
independence, contrasting starkly with its attitudes towards other colonized
peoples and ethnic communities. In November 1941, with German funds, a
Free India Centre was set up in Berlin,
and soon a Free India Radio, on which Bose broadcast nightly. A
3,000-strong Free India Legion, comprising Indians captured
by Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps,
was also formed to aid in a possible future German land invasion of India. By
spring 1942, in light of Japanese victories in Southeast Asia and changing
German priorities, a German invasion of India became untenable, and Bose became
keen to move to Southeast Asia. Adolf Hitler,
during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942, suggested the same and
offered to arrange for a submarine. During this time Bose also became a
father; his wife, or companion, Emilie Schenkl,
whom he had met in 1934, gave birth to a baby girl in
November 1942. Identifying strongly with the Axis powers,
and no longer apologetically, Bose boarded a German submarine in February 1943. Off
Madagascar, he was transferred to a Japanese submarine from which he
disembarked in Japanese-held Sumatra in
May 1943.
With Japanese support, Bose revamped the Indian National Army (INA), then composed
of Indian soldiers of the British Indian army who had been captured in
the Battle of Singapore. To
these, after Bose's arrival, were added enlisting Indian civilians in Malaya
and Singapore. The Japanese had come to support a number of puppet and
provisional governments in the captured regions, such as those in Burma,
the Philippines, and Manchukuo.
Before long the Provisional Government of Free India, presided by Bose, was
formed in the Japanese-occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Bose had
great drive and charisma—using popular Indian slogans, such as "Jai Hind,"—and
the INA under Bose was a model of diversity by region, ethnicity, religion, and
even gender. However, Bose was regarded by the Japanese as being militarily
unskilled and his military effort was short-lived. In late 1944 and early
1945, the British Indian Army first halted and then
devastatingly reversed the Japanese attack on India.
Almost half the Japanese forces and fully half the participating INA contingent
were killed. The INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula and surrendered
with the recapture of Singapore. Bose had earlier chosen
not to surrender with his forces or with the Japanese, but rather to escape to
Manchuria with a view to seeking a future in the Soviet Union which
he believed to be turning anti-British. He died from third-degree burns received
when his plane crashed in Taiwan. Some
Indians, however, did not believe that the crash had occurred, with many
among them, especially in Bengal, believing that Bose would return to gain
India's independence.
The Indian National Congress, the main instrument of Indian nationalism, praised Bose's patriotism but distanced itself
from his tactics and ideology especially his collaboration with fascism. The British Raj,
though never seriously threatened by the INA, charged 300 INA officers
with treason in the INA trials, but eventually backtracked in the face both of
popular sentiment and of its own end.
SOURCE- WIKIPEDIA